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文章目录
  1. 概览
  2. Demo
  3. 说点什么
  4. 推荐阅读

? extends T与? super T

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概览

集合框架的源码经常见到“? extends E”、“? super T”。本篇文章以实例+注释讲讲“有限通配符的参数化类型”的创建、存值以及取值。
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这两种都是限定类的取值范围的写法。“? extends T”表示类的允许范围是T及其子类;“? super T”表示类的允许范围是T及其父类。也就是new的时候受到此约束。

存值:只要能保证存放类是指定类及其子类即可。null不受“? extends/super T”约束。

取值:“? extends T”取得的默认类型为上界T,“? super T”的默认类型为所有类的父类Object。

Demo

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package generic;
import java.util.PriorityQueue;
public class Extend {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// ? extends T,T为临界类
// extends限定了类的上界
// Type mismatch: cannot convert from PriorityQueue<Person> to PriorityQueue<? extends Parent>
//PriorityQueue<? extends Parent> pq = new PriorityQueue<Person>();
PriorityQueue<? extends Parent> pq = new PriorityQueue<Son>();
// 无法直接放入,因为无法保证存放类与Son的关系
//The method add(capture#1-of ? extends Parent) in the type PriorityQueue<capture#1-of ? extends Parent> is not applicable for the arguments (Son)
//pq.add(new Son()));
//The method add(capture#1-of ? extends Parent) in the type PriorityQueue<capture#1-of ? extends Parent> is not applicable for the arguments (Son)
//pq.add(new Parent());
//null不受类型限定,但PriorityQueue不允许为空,会抛出空指针异常
//pq.add(null);
// 间接存放
PriorityQueue<Son> pqs = new PriorityQueue<Son>();
pqs.add(new Son("1"));
pqs.add(new Son("2"));
pqs.add(new Son("3"));
pqs.add(new Son("4"));
PriorityQueue<? extends Parent> pq1 = pqs;
//取值
Son s = (Son) pq1.poll();
Parent p = pq1.poll();
//Daughter d = (Daughter) pq1.poll(); // 编译通过,执行报错。类型转换异常。
Person pp= pq1.poll();
System.out.println(s.getName());
System.out.println(p.getName());
System.out.println(pp.getName());
}
}
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package generic;
import java.util.PriorityQueue;
public class Super {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// ? super T,T为临界类
// super限制了下界
// Type mismatch: cannot convert from PriorityQueue<Son> to PriorityQueue<? super Parent>
//PriorityQueue<? super Parent> pq = new PriorityQueue<Son>();
PriorityQueue<? super Parent> pq = new PriorityQueue<Person>();
// 可存放临界类的子类,因为任一“? super T”也是其父类
pq.add(new Son("1"));
pq.add(new Daughter("2"));
pq.add(new Parent("3"));
// The method add(capture#4-of ? super Parent) in the type PriorityQueue<capture#4-of ? super Parent> is not applicable for the arguments (Person)
//pq.add(new Person("4"));
// 取值(默认Object,类型顺序必须与存放对应或者是其父类,否则类型转换错误)
/*Parent p = (Parent) pq.poll();
Daughter d = (Daughter) pq.poll();
Son s = (Son) pq.poll();*/
Parent p = (Parent) pq.poll();
Parent d = (Parent) pq.poll();
Parent s = (Parent) pq.poll();
System.out.println(d.getName());
System.out.println(p.getName());
System.out.println(s.getName());
}
}
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package generic;
public class Person implements Comparable<Person>{
protected String name;
public Person(String name) {
super();
this.name = name;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public int compareTo(Person o) {
return o.name.compareTo(this.name);
}
}
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package generic;
public class Parent extends Person{
private String name;
public Parent(String name) {
super(name);
this.name = name;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
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package generic;
public class Son extends Parent{
private String name;
public Son(String name) {
super(name);
this.name = name;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
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package generic;
public class Daughter extends Parent{
private String name;
public Daughter(String name) {
super(name);
this.name = name;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}

说点什么

针对以上特性,java中有“PECS(“Producer Extends,Consumer Super”)”的说法。即如果要用参数化类型表示生产者,就使用<? extends T>;如果表示消费者,就使用<? super T>。

更多有意思的内容,欢迎访问笔者小站: rebey.cn

推荐阅读

Java 泛型: 什么是PECS(Producer Extends, Consumer Super)

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